Micrel, Inc.
Frequency Synthesizer
MICRF600/MICRF600Z
A6…A0
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
0001010
0001011
0001100
0001101
0001110
0001111
0010000
0010001
0010010
-
-
N0_7
-
M0_7
-
-
N1_7
-
-
-
N0_6
-
M0_6
-
-
N1_6
-
A0_5
-
N0_5
-
M0_5
A1_5
-
N1_5
-
A0_4
-
N0_4
-
M0_4
A1_4
-
N1_4
-
A0_3
N0_11
N0_3
M0_11
M0_3
A1_3
N1_11
N1_3
M1_11
A0_2
N0_10
N0_2
M0_10
M0_2
A1_2
N1_10
N1_2
M1_10
A0_1
N0_9
N0_1
M0_9
M0_1
A1_1
N1_9
N1_1
M1_9
A0_0
N0_8
N0_0
M0_8
M0_0
A1_0
N1_8
N1_0
M1_8
55.0
45.0
35.0
25.0
15.0
5.0
-5.0
-15.0
-25.0
-35.0
s0010011
M1_7
M1_6
M1_5
M1_4
M1_3
M1_2
M1_1
M1_0
-45.0
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
The frequency synthesizer consists of a voltage-controlled
[XCO_tune value]
oscillator (VCO),
a
crystal
oscillator,
phase
select
prescaler, programmable frequency dividers and a phase-
detector. The length of the N, M, and A registers are 12,
12 and 6 respectively. The N, M, and A values can be
calculated from the formula:
Figure 5. XCO Tuning
The typical start up time for the crystal oscillator (default
XCO_tune=13) is ~750us. If more capacitance is added
(higher XCO_tune value), then the start-up time will be
=
f PhD =
f XCO
M
=
f VCO f RF
( 16 × N + A ) × 2 ( 16 × N + A )
M ≠ 0
,
longer.
To save current in the crystal oscillator start-up period, the
XCO is turned on before any other circuit block. When the
XCO has settled, rest of the circuit will be turned on. No
1 ≤ A<N
f PHD : Phase detector comparison frequency
f XCO : Crystal oscillator frequency
f VCO : Voltage controlled oscillator frequency
programming should be made during this period.
The current consumption during the prestart period is
approximately 280 μ A.
VCO
f RF : Input/output RF frequency
A6..A0
0000011
D7
‘1’
D6
‘1’
D5
‘0’
D4
VCO_IB2
D3
VCO_IB1
D2
VCO_IB0
D1
VCO_freq1
D0
VCO_freq0
There are two sets of each of the divide factors (i.e. A0
and A1). Storing the ‘0’ and the ‘1’ frequency in the 0- and
the 1 registers respectively, does the 2-FSK. The receive
frequency must be stored in the ‘0’ registers.
The VCO has no external components. It has three bit to
set the bias current and two bit to set the VCO frequency.
These five bits are set by the RF frequency, as follows:
RF freq.
VCO_IB2
VCO_IB1
VCO_IB0
VCO_freq1 VCO_freq0
Crystal Oscillator (XCO)
915MHz
0
0
1
1
0
Adr
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
950MHz
0
0
0
1
1
0001001
‘0’
‘0’
‘1’
XCOtune4
XCOtune3
XCOtune2
XCOtune1
XCOtune0
The crystal oscillator is a reference for the RF output
frequency and the LO frequency in the receiver. It is
possible to tune the internal crystal oscillator by switching
in internal capacitance using 5 tune bits XCOtune4 –
XCOtun0. The benefit of tuning the crystal oscillator is to
eliminate the initial tolerance and the tolerance over
temperature and aging. By using the crystal tuning feature
the noise bandwidth of the receiver can be reduced and a
Table 7. VCO Bit Setting
The bias bit will optimize the phase noise, and the
frequency bit will control a capacitor bank in the VCO. The
tuning range the RF frequency versus varactor voltage is
dependent on the VCO frequency setting, and can be
shown in Figure 6.
higher sensitivity is achieved.
When XCOtune4 –
XCOtune0 = 0 no internal capacitors are connected to the
crystal pins. When XCOtune4 – XCOtune0 = 1 all of the
internal capacitors are connected to the crystal pins.
Figure 5 shows the tuning range.
July 2006
12
M9999-082505
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